煤气灯下
码
转自易翀的博客（需翻墙）
煤气灯操纵 Gaslighting
英语里有一个词叫作“Gaslighting”，翻译成中文，字面上意思就是“煤气灯操纵/操作”，但它实际的意思却是一种精神虐待，是一个与心理学以及文学相关的概念或术语，来源于1938年的舞台剧《煤气灯》以及之后它的电影版（包括1940年英国版和1944年美国版）。到20世纪60年代，“煤气灯操纵”这个术语已在英语中被通俗地使用，用于描述试图操纵或破坏某人的现实感知。它的本意是，《煤气灯》的主角丈夫经常瞒着妻子在阁楼搜寻姑妈被谋杀后隐藏的宝物，但是当丈夫在阁楼开启煤气灯时，屋里的煤气灯就会变暗。妻子准确地注意到了煤气灯的变暗，然后就和丈夫谈起这种现象，但丈夫却坚称妻子在照明亮度上出现了幻觉，是妻子精神有问题。此外，丈夫还操纵着环境中其它一些类似的小元素的变化，但当妻子指出这些变化时，丈夫却坚称是妻子弄错了，或者是丈夫“发现”这些变化，指责是妻子做的却忘记了，试图使他的妻子怀疑自己的所见所闻，怀疑自己的现实感知和记忆，相信自己精神不正常，逼妻子发疯。（注：《煤气灯》又译作《煤气灯下》）
Gaslighting 煤气灯操纵
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
来自维基百科，自由的百科全书
Gaslighting or gas-lighting is a form of mental abuse in which information is twisted or spun, selectively omitted to favor the abuser, or false information is presented with the intent of making victims doubt their own memory, perception, and sanity. Instances may range simply from the denial by an abuser that previous abusive incidents ever occurred, up to the staging of bizarre events by the abuser with the intention of disorienting the victim.
煤气灯操纵是精神虐待的一种形式，在这种形式下，信息被扭曲或歪曲，选择性的删减以迎合施虐者的喜好，或者把虚假信息呈现给受害者，意图使受害者怀疑他们自己的记忆力、认知力和精神状态。例子的范围可以从只是否认先前虐待事件曾发生过，上升到施虐者上演离奇事件，意图误导受害者。
The term owes its origin to the 1938 play Gas Light and its film adaptations. The term has been used in clinical and research literature.
这个术语来源于1938年的戏剧《煤气灯》以及它的电影版本。这个术语已被用于临床医疗和文学研究。
Ingrid Bergman in the 1944 film Gaslight
Ingrid Bergman 在1944年电影《煤气灯》中
Etymology 词源
The 1938 stage play Gas Light, known as Angel Street in the United States, and the film adaptations released in 1940 and 1944 motivated the origin of the term because of the systematic psychological manipulation used by the main character on a victim. The plot concerns a husband who attempts to convince his wife and others that she is insane by manipulating small elements of their environment, and subsequently insisting that she is mistaken or remembering things incorrectly when she points out these changes. The original title stems from the dimming of the gas lights in the house that happened when the husband was using the gas lights in the attic while searching for hidden treasure. The wife accurately notices the dimming lights and discusses the phenomenon, but the husband insists she is imagining a change in the level of illumination.
1938年的舞台剧《煤气灯》，也即《天使街》为美国人所知，1940年和1944年发布的电影版本催生了这个术语，因为电影的主角把这种系统的心理操纵用在了受害者身上。电影的情节是关于某个丈夫操纵他们环境中的小元素变化，接着当妻子指出这些变化时，丈夫则坚称是妻子弄错了或事情记错了，试图使他妻子及其他人相信她精神不正常。词的原意出自，当丈夫在阁楼开启煤气灯搜寻隐藏的宝物时，屋里的煤气灯发生变暗。妻子准确地注意到了煤气灯的变暗，然后就和丈夫谈起这种现象，但丈夫却坚称妻子在照明亮度上出现了幻觉。
The term "gaslighting" has been used colloquially since the 1960s to describe efforts to manipulate someone's sense of reality. In a 1980 book on child sex abuse, Florence Rush summarized George Cukor's 1944 film version of Gas Light, and writes, "even today the word [gaslighting] is used to describe an attempt to destroy another's perception of reality."
自从20世纪60年代“煤气灯操纵”这个术语已被通俗地使用，用于描述试图操纵某人的现实感知。在1980年的一本关于儿童性虐待的书中，Florence Rush总结了George Cukor 1944年电影版的《煤气灯》，他写道，“即使在今天，【煤气灯操纵】这个词依然被用于描述破坏他人现实感知力的企图。”
Clinical examples 临床案例
Sociopaths frequently use gaslighting tactics. Sociopaths consistently transgress social mores, break laws, and exploit others, but typically, are also charming and convincing liars who consistently deny wrongdoing. Thus, some who have been victimized by sociopaths may doubt their perceptions.
反社会者频繁使用操纵煤气灯战术。反社会者一贯违背社会习俗，触犯法律，以及利用他人为自己谋利，通常却也是迷人的和有说服力的骗子，一贯否认恶行。因此，一些受反社会者侵害的人可能怀疑他们自己的认知力。
Some physically abusive spouses may gaslight their partners by flatly denying that they have been violent.
一些实施身体虐待的配偶可能通过断然否认他们的暴行，来煤气灯操纵他们的另一半。
Gaslighting describes a dynamic observed in some cases of marital infidelity: "Therapists may contribute to the victim's distress through mislabeling the woman's reactions. The gaslighting behaviors of the husband provide a recipe for the so-called 'nervous breakdown' for some women [and] suicide in some of the worst situations."
煤气灯操纵描述了在一些婚姻不忠的案例中发现的一种动态：“医生可能因为误诊女人的反应而造成受害者的痛苦。丈夫的煤气灯操纵行为提供了一种处方，用以治疗一些女人所谓的’神经崩溃’以及一些最糟糕情况下的自杀行为。
Gaslighting may also occur in parent–child relationships, with either parent, child, or both, lying to each other and attempting to undermine perceptions. Furthermore, gaslighting has been observed between patients and staff in inpatient psychiatric facilities.
煤气灯操纵也可能出现在出现在亲子关系中，不是父母对孩子就是孩子对父母，或者都有，相互撒谎，企图暗中侵蚀对方的现实感知力。此外，煤气灯操纵也在提供住院的精神病院中的病人和员工之间被发现。
Introjection 内摄
In an influential 1981 article Some Clinical Consequences of Introjection: Gaslighting, Calef and Weinshel argue that gaslighting involves the projection and introjection of psychic conflicts from the perpetrator to the victim: "this imposition is based on a very special kind of 'transfer'... of painful and potentially painful mental conflicts."
在1981年发表的一篇叫《內摄的一些临床结果：煤气灯操纵》颇具有影响力的文章里，Calef和Weinshel说到，煤气灯操纵涉及到从作恶者到受害者投射和內摄的精神冲突：“这种强加是基于一种特殊的‘转移’…痛苦的和潜在痛苦的精神冲突”
The authors explore a variety of reasons why the victims may have "a tendency to incorporate and assimilate what others externalize and project onto them," and conclude that gaslighting may be "a very complex highly structured configuration which encompasses contributions from many elements of the psychic apparatus."
对于受害者为何可能具有“一种合并和同化他人外化和投射在他们身上特质的倾向”，作者研究了多种理由，然后下结论说，煤气灯操纵可能是“一种非常复杂高度结构化的配置，这种配置包含了很多精神结构元素的作用”。
Resisting 抵制
With respect to women in particular, Hilde Lindemann argued emphatically that in such cases, the victim's ability to resist the manipulation depends on "her ability to trust her own judgments." Establishment of "counterstories" may help the victim reacquire "ordinary levels of free agency."
在谈到特别是女人时，Hilde Lindemann强调说，在这些案例中，受害者抵制操纵的能力，取决于“她信任自己判断的能力”。“反故事”的建立可以帮助受害者重获“一般水平的自由意志”。
In the media 在媒体上
British film-maker Adam Curtis has suggested that "nonlinear" or "asymmetric" war (as described by Vladislav Surkov, political advisor to Vladimir Putin) is a form of gaslighting intended for political control.
英国电影制片人Adam Curtis提出，“非线性”或“非对称”战争（正如普京的政治顾问弗拉季斯拉夫·苏尔科夫所描述的）是煤气灯操纵的一种形式，意在政治控制。
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